France adopted an export control order on February 2, 2024, requiring licenses for exports of quantum computers and related technologies to destinations outside the European Union Arrêté du 2 février 2024 relatif aux exportations vers les pays tiers. The measure took effect on March 1, 2024, and is administered by the Service des biens à double usage, France’s dual-use export control authority.
The order covers quantum computers classified under control entry 4A906, software specially designed for their development or production under 4D901.b.3, and related technology under 4E901.b.3. The legal basis for the measure is Article 9 of EU Regulation 2021/821, which permits member states to impose export authorization requirements for reasons of public security.
The Netherlands and Spain introduced similar quantum export controls in late 2023. The European Union’s Economic Security Strategy identifies quantum technology and advanced semiconductors as critical technology areas requiring coordinated export oversight.